Prime Minister Narendra Modi's recent visit to Moscow, highlighted by a highly symbolic bear hug with President Vladimir Putin, has generated significant controversy and concern, especially in Western capitals. This gesture, which was intended to reinforce the longstanding relationship between India and Russia, has been met with sharp criticism. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, for instance, labelled the embrace as a “huge disappointment” and a “devastating blow” to peace efforts. Such reactions reflect a broader misunderstanding of India's foreign policy, which is often perceived through a lens that does not fully appreciate New Delhi's strategic autonomy and historical ties with Moscow.
India's Strategic Autonomy
India's foreign policy is often characterised by its strategic autonomy, with Russia playing a central role. The longstanding relationship between India and Russia is viewed as a stabilising factor, with Russia being an enduring ally. Unlike the United States, which often sees India as a counterbalance to China, India's engagement with Russia reflects its independent foreign policy stance. Russia's need for the Indian defence market also gives India leverage, as it remains a significant buyer of Russian military hardware.
The Limitations of the India-Russia Relationship
Despite these justifications, the relationship is not without limitations. The claim of Russia being an “all-weather friend” is challenged by Moscow's neutrality on the Sino-Indian border dispute and its strained capacity to fulfil military supply commitments. Furthermore, the notion that India's engagement with Russia moderates Chinese aggression is questionable. Russia's trade with China far exceeds its trade with India, making Beijing a more crucial partner for Moscow. This economic imbalance reduces Russia's incentive to counter Chinese assertiveness in Asia.
Constraints and Weaknesses
India's reliance on Russian military technology highlights its strategic vulnerabilities. With a defence sector heavily dependent on foreign imports, India's autonomy is constrained by its need for Russian arms and technology. Additionally, India's energy deficit compels it to seek affordable oil, making Russia's pricing attractive despite geopolitical tensions. Geopolitically, India faces threats from Pakistan and China, necessitating a cautious approach towards its relations with Russia to avoid jeopardising its strategic interests.
Conclusion
India's relationship with Russia, while pivotal for its strategic autonomy, also reflects deeper constraints and dependencies. The Western critique of India's foreign policy often overlooks these complexities, which are rooted in both historical ties and practical necessities. Understanding this dynamic is crucial for fostering a more nuanced view of India's international stance and its pursuit of a balanced foreign policy amidst global pressures.
